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Boroughs	Centrum (???); Noord (????); West (????); Nieuw-West (????-????); Zuid (????); Oost (????); Zuidoost (????-????); Westpoort (?????????)

百度　　延川，延安，延河水，血脉相连;　　梁家河，赵家河，文安驿，梦绕魂牵;　　从村支书到总书记，你的长征路任重道远……　　为什么要有中国梦　　为什么要有中国方案　　为什么要“不忘初心，继续前进”　　为什么“绿水青山就是金山银山”　　因为，你是黄土地的儿子!　　因为，你从梁家河走来!　　因为，你心中始终装着人民群众!　　因为，“要为人民做实事”——是你不变的信念!　　①“娘的心”：近平插队时母亲齐心为他缝制的针线包，上绣“娘的心”三字。

???????? ??? ???????? (???: [?ɑmst?r?dɑm] ( ????)) ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???^[6] ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? 820,256 ??, ???? ????? 1,209,419 ??? ???????? ????? 2,289,762 ???^[7] ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? 70 ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???-???? ????? ???^[8] ???????? ???? ?????? ?????-??????? ??, ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???

???????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???^[9] ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??? 12??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? '??, ?? ??????? ??? (17 ??? ???) ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????, ?? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???^[10] 19 ??? ??? 20 ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? 17 ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 19 ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? '?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? 1921 ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? (9 ???) ???? ??? ???

?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????, ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? (GaWC) ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???^[11]

???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? 500 ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ??????, ??????????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??, ?? ????? ???? ???^[12] ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??, ????? ?? ???, ????????? ??? ???????^[13]

????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???????, ???????? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??????, ?????????????, ??? ??? ????????, ????????? ????????, ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ????, ???????? ????????, ???? ???-???? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? 5 ?????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???^[14]

?????

Berns, Jan; Daan, Jo (1993). Hij zeit wat: de Amsterdamse volkstaal. The Hague: BZZT?H. ISBN 9062917569. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Frijhoff, Willem; Prak, Maarten (2005), Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Zelfbewuste stadsstaat 1650–1813, Amsterdam: SUN, ISBN 9058751384 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Mak, Geert (1994), Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam, Amsterdam & Antwerp: Atlas, ISBN 9045019531 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Charles Caspers & Peter Jan Margry (2017), Het Mirakel van Amsterdam. Biografie van een betwiste devotie (Amsterdam, Prometheus).
Nusteling, Hubert (1985), Welvaart en werkgelegenheid in Amsterdam 1540–1860. Een relaas over demografie, economie en sociale politiek van een wereldstad, Amsterdam: De Bataafsche Leeuw, ISBN 9067070823 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Ramaer, J.C. (1921), "Middelpunten der bewoning in Nederland, voorheen en thans", TAG 2e serie, 38 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Van Dillen, J.G. (1929), Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van het bedrijfsleven en het gildewezen van Amsterdam, The Hague {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Van Leeuwen, M.; Oeppen, J.E. (1993), "Reconstructing the Demographic Regime of Amsterdam 1681–1920", Economic and Social History in the Netherlands, 5: 61–102 {{citation}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)^{[permanent dead link]}

??????????? ??? ????-????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????

?????

↑ "Kerncijfers voor Amsterdam en de stadsdelen". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ "Area, population density, dwelling density and average dwelling occupation". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ "Actueel Hoogtestand Nederland" (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "Gemiddelde bevolking per regio naar leeftijd en geslacht" (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
↑ "Population" (in Dutch). Themes. City of Amsterdam. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Dutch Wikisource. "Grondwet voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden (1815) (???)". Retrieved 2 May 2008.
↑ "Facts and Figures". I amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 ?? 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
↑ "Randstad2040; Facts & Figures (p.26)(in Dutch)" (PDF). VROM.
↑ Encyclop?dia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol 1, pp. 896–898.
↑ Cambridge.org, Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres – 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, ISBN 978-0-521-84535-9
↑ After Athens in 1888 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the European Capital of Culture, confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See EC.europa.eu for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years. Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Forbes.com, Forbes Global 2000 Largest Companies – Dutch rankings.
↑ "The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim".
↑ "Amsterdam verwelkomde in 2014 ruim 5 miljoen buitenlandse toeristen – Amsterdam – PAROOL".

????? ?????

Tourist information about Amsterdam Archived 2025-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. – Website of the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions
(???) Amsterdam.nl – ?????? ????
I amsterdam – ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????
DutchAmsterdam ?????? ????
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[1] "Kerncijfers voor Amsterdam en de stadsdelen". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[rca-2] "Area, population density, dwelling density and average dwelling occupation". os.amsterdam.nl. Research and Statistics Service, City of Amsterdam. 1 January 2006. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[elevation-3] "Actueel Hoogtestand Nederland" (in Dutch). Retrieved 18 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[CBS-4] "Gemiddelde bevolking per regio naar leeftijd en geslacht" (in Dutch). Statistics Netherlands. Archived from the original on 23 ??? 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[randstad-5] "Population" (in Dutch). Themes. City of Amsterdam. 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[6] Dutch Wikisource. "Grondwet voor het Koningrijk der Nederlanden (1815) (???)". Retrieved 2 May 2008.

[7] "Facts and Figures". I amsterdam. Archived from the original on 3 ?? 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[R2040-8] "Randstad2040; Facts & Figures (p.26)(in Dutch)" (PDF). VROM.

[Britannica_Eleven-9] Encyclop?dia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Vol 1, pp. 896–898.

[10] Cambridge.org, Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres – 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, ISBN 978-0-521-84535-9

[11] After Athens in 1888 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the European Capital of Culture, confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See EC.europa.eu for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years. Archived 14 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.

[12] Forbes.com, Forbes Global 2000 Largest Companies – Dutch rankings.

[13] "The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim".

[14] "Amsterdam verwelkomde in 2014 ruim 5 miljoen buitenlandse toeristen – Amsterdam – PAROOL".

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

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